------------------------------------------------------------------
Classification INFIT OUTFIT Explanation Investigation
------------------------------------------------------------------
Hard Item Noisy Noisy Bad item Ambiguous or
negative wording?
Debatable or
misleading options?
Muted Muted Only answered by top people
At end of test?
------------------------------------------------------------------
Item Noisy Noisy Qualitatively different item
Incompatible anchor value
Different process
or content?
Anchor value
incorrectly applied?
? Biased (DIF) item
Stratify residuals by person group?
Muted Curriculum interaction
Are there alternative
curricula?
------------------------------------------------------------------
Muted ? Redundant item
Similar items?
One item answers another?
Item correlated
with other variable?
------------------------------------------------------------------
Rating scale Noisy Noisy Extreme category overuse
Muted Muted Middle category overuse
Poor category wording?
Combine or omit categories?
Wrong model for scale?
------------------------------------------------------------------
Person Noisy ? Processing error
Clerical error
Idiosyncratic person
Scanner failure?
Form markings misaligned?
Qualitatively different person?
------------------------------------------------------------------
High Person ? Noisy Careless
Sleeping
Rushing
Unexpected wrong answers?
Unexpected errors at start?
Unexpected errors at end?
------------------------------------------------------------------
Low Person ? Noisy Guessing
Response set
"Special" knowledge
Unexpected right answers?
Systematic response pattern?
Content of unexpected answers?
Muted ? Plodding
Caution
Did not reach end of test?
Only answered easy items?
------------------------------------------------------------------
Person/
Judge Rating Noisy Noisy Extreme category overuse
Extremism? Defiance?
Muted Muted Middle category overuse
Conservatism? Resistance?
------------------------------------------------------------------
Judge Rating Muted Muted Apparent unanimity
Collusion?
------------------------------------------------------------------
INFIT: information-weighted mean-square, sensitive to irregular inlying patternsSee Wright & Stone, Best Test Design, p. 2-4, 66-82, 23-24, 121-125, 165-190, and Wright & Masters, Rating Scale Analysis, p. 19-23, 94- 105, 108-111 for basics, and 132-135, 147-151, 171-178, 190-198 for examples.
Diagnosing Misfit, B Wright … Rasch Measurement Transactions, 1991, 5:2 p. 156
| Rasch Publications | ||
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| Rasch Measurement Transactions (free, online) | Rasch Measurement research papers (free, online) | Probabilistic Models for Some Intelligence and Attainment Tests, Georg Rasch |
| Applying the Rasch Model 2nd. Ed., Bond & Fox | Best Test Design, Wright & Stone | Rating Scale Analysis, Wright & Masters |
| Introduction to Rasch Measurement, E. Smith & R. Smith | Introduction to Many-Facet Rasch Measurement, Thomas Eckes | Invariant Measurement: Using Rasch Models in the Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences, George Engelhard, Jr. |
| Statistical Analyses for Language Testers, Rita Green | Rasch Models: Foundations, Recent Developments, and Applications, Fischer & Molenaar | Journal of Applied Measurement |
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