Richard Woodcock's Test Construction Nomograph

Woodcock's test design nomograph helps construct dichotomous tests. It was designed by Richard Woodcock in 1975 as a quick way of discovering the characteristics of a test needed to meet particular measurement objectives.

Woodcock perceived that the spread of items in a test can usually be approximated by a uniform distribution. The nomograph shows how four aspects of item distribution for a uniform test relate: 1) the range of item difficulties (from easiest to hardest), 2) the number of items in the test, 3) the spacing between items, and 4) the precision of measurement (standard error) at the center of the test. A reminder of what particular logit values mean in terms of expected success rates is printed below the X-axis.

On this nomograph, the difference in logit difficulty between the highest (Dh) and lowest items (Dl) is shown as the logit range (Dh-Dl) on the X-axis. Since the tails of the test may be irregular, it may be more meaningful to average in the next to highest and next to lowest items, Dh-1 and Dl-1. Thus, for a test of L items,
Logit Range = ((Dh-Dl) + (Dh-1-Dl-1)*(L-1)/(L-3))/2

The Y-axis shows the measurement precision for a person with ability at the center of the test. These ideas are explained in Wright BD & Stone MH (1979) Best Test Design, p. 143-151.

Two sets of contour lines are provided. One set indicates tests of equal length (having the same number of items). The other set indicates tests of equal density (having the same number of items per logit of the difficulty range).

Example: A test covers 4 logits. We want to measure targeted persons with precision 0.3 logits. How many items are required?
Look up from the X-axis at 4 logits, across from the Y-axis at 0.3 logits. The test length is between 50 and 75 items, at about 60 items. This gives a uniform item spacing of 1 item for every .07 logits along the variable.

Example: We are constructing a test with a an item difficulty range of 3 logits. There are 75 items. How precise are the measures for targeted students?
Look up from the X-axis at 3 logits, until you meet the contour line for 75 items. The precision indicated on the Y-axis is 0.25 logits.

Richard Woodcock's Test Construction Nomograph, R Woodcock … Rasch Measurement Transactions, 1992, 6:3 p. 243-4

Rasch Publications
Rasch Measurement Transactions (free, online)	Rasch Measurement research papers (free, online)	Probabilistic Models for Some Intelligence and Attainment Tests, Georg Rasch	Applying the Rasch Model 3rd. Ed., Bond & Fox	Best Test Design, Wright & Stone
Rating Scale Analysis, Wright & Masters	Introduction to Rasch Measurement, E. Smith & R. Smith	Introduction to Many-Facet Rasch Measurement, Thomas Eckes	Invariant Measurement: Using Rasch Models in the Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences, George Engelhard, Jr.	Statistical Analyses for Language Testers, Rita Green
Rasch Models: Foundations, Recent Developments, and Applications, Fischer & Molenaar	Journal of Applied Measurement	Rasch models for measurement, David Andrich	Constructing Measures, Mark Wilson	Rasch Analysis in the Human Sciences, Boone, Stave, Yale
in Spanish:	Análisis de Rasch para todos, Agustín Tristán		Mediciones, Posicionamientos y Diagnósticos Competitivos, Juan Ramón Oreja Rodríguez

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