Redundant Items, Overfit and Measure Bias

"One question I have is with the Rasch method's apparent failure to take account of redundant items. If the item scaling shows that all items are approximately equally spaced except for a few that are duplicates of other items (two items fall at same difficulty level), then the mapping of raw score onto Rasch ability level should take this into account, e.g., by weighting these items only .5 vs. the items that do not have duplicates being weighted 1.0." Roger Graves

What is a redundant item? For measurement purposes, we want an item that focuses on the same thing as the other items, but produces one item's worth of new information. A useful item is "as similar as possible, but as different as possible". Including the same item twice in a test is nearly always redundant. Such items do not provide two item's worth of new information, since responses to one are overly predictable from responses to the other. High inter-item dependency is typically flagged by fit statistics reporting overfit for redundant items. Dependency is also detected by response-residual analysis.

the effect of redundancy is to introduce a locally Guttman-like pattern into the data. Since Rasch measures are computed as though the data fit the model, this slightly distorts or biases the measures by locally increasing logit distances. Redundant, over-fitting or dependent items, however, rarely distort the measures enough to have any practical consequences.


The impact of redundancy in a simulated data set is shown in the Figure. The baseline consists of 100 persons taking a test of 100 dichotomous items in accordance with the Rasch model. Identical items are added to the test by copying the responses of the sample to an item at the center of the test. It is reassuring to see that large numbers of identical items have little impact on the measures. If measure bias due to item dependency is a concern, compare persons measures including and omitting those items.

Two items of the same difficulty may or may not be redundant. If responses to the two items are independent, then the items are not redundant in the measurement sense and do not distort the measures. They do increase the local precision of person measures. This is of benefit in computer-adaptive and criterion-based tests. But, if high precision is not needed, then multiple items of the same difficulty are not required, and there is pragmatic item redundancy. It may be beneficial to shorten the test, or to replace excess items of similar difficulty with items of different difficulties designed to fill gaps in the difficulty hierarchy. John Michael Linacre

Redundant Items, Overfit and Measure Bias Linacre, J.M. … Rasch Measurement Transactions, 2000, 14:3 p.755




Rasch-Related Resources: Rasch Measurement YouTube Channel
Rasch Measurement Transactions & Rasch Measurement research papers - free An Introduction to the Rasch Model with Examples in R (eRm, etc.), Debelak, Strobl, Zeigenfuse Rasch Measurement Theory Analysis in R, Wind, Hua Applying the Rasch Model in Social Sciences Using R, Lamprianou El modelo métrico de Rasch: Fundamentación, implementación e interpretación de la medida en ciencias sociales (Spanish Edition), Manuel González-Montesinos M.
Rasch Models: Foundations, Recent Developments, and Applications, Fischer & Molenaar Probabilistic Models for Some Intelligence and Attainment Tests, Georg Rasch Rasch Models for Measurement, David Andrich Constructing Measures, Mark Wilson Best Test Design - free, Wright & Stone
Rating Scale Analysis - free, Wright & Masters
Virtual Standard Setting: Setting Cut Scores, Charalambos Kollias Diseño de Mejores Pruebas - free, Spanish Best Test Design A Course in Rasch Measurement Theory, Andrich, Marais Rasch Models in Health, Christensen, Kreiner, Mesba Multivariate and Mixture Distribution Rasch Models, von Davier, Carstensen
Rasch Books and Publications: Winsteps and Facets
Applying the Rasch Model (Winsteps, Facets) 4th Ed., Bond, Yan, Heene Advances in Rasch Analyses in the Human Sciences (Winsteps, Facets) 1st Ed., Boone, Staver Advances in Applications of Rasch Measurement in Science Education, X. Liu & W. J. Boone Rasch Analysis in the Human Sciences (Winsteps) Boone, Staver, Yale Appliquer le modèle de Rasch: Défis et pistes de solution (Winsteps) E. Dionne, S. Béland
Introduction to Many-Facet Rasch Measurement (Facets), Thomas Eckes Rasch Models for Solving Measurement Problems (Facets), George Engelhard, Jr. & Jue Wang Statistical Analyses for Language Testers (Facets), Rita Green Invariant Measurement with Raters and Rating Scales: Rasch Models for Rater-Mediated Assessments (Facets), George Engelhard, Jr. & Stefanie Wind Aplicação do Modelo de Rasch (Português), de Bond, Trevor G., Fox, Christine M
Exploring Rating Scale Functioning for Survey Research (R, Facets), Stefanie Wind Rasch Measurement: Applications, Khine Winsteps Tutorials - free
Facets Tutorials - free
Many-Facet Rasch Measurement (Facets) - free, J.M. Linacre Fairness, Justice and Language Assessment (Winsteps, Facets), McNamara, Knoch, Fan

To be emailed about new material on www.rasch.org
please enter your email address here:

I want to Subscribe: & click below
I want to Unsubscribe: & click below

Please set your SPAM filter to accept emails from Rasch.org

www.rasch.org welcomes your comments:

Your email address (if you want us to reply):

 

ForumRasch Measurement Forum to discuss any Rasch-related topic

Go to Top of Page
Go to index of all Rasch Measurement Transactions
AERA members: Join the Rasch Measurement SIG and receive the printed version of RMT
Some back issues of RMT are available as bound volumes
Subscribe to Journal of Applied Measurement

Go to Institute for Objective Measurement Home Page. The Rasch Measurement SIG (AERA) thanks the Institute for Objective Measurement for inviting the publication of Rasch Measurement Transactions on the Institute's website, www.rasch.org.

Coming Rasch-related Events
Oct. 4 - Nov. 8, 2024, Fri.-Fri. On-line workshop: Rasch Measurement - Core Topics (E. Smith, Winsteps), www.statistics.com
Jan. 17 - Feb. 21, 2025, Fri.-Fri. On-line workshop: Rasch Measurement - Core Topics (E. Smith, Winsteps), www.statistics.com
May 16 - June 20, 2025, Fri.-Fri. On-line workshop: Rasch Measurement - Core Topics (E. Smith, Winsteps), www.statistics.com
June 20 - July 18, 2025, Fri.-Fri. On-line workshop: Rasch Measurement - Further Topics (E. Smith, Facets), www.statistics.com
Oct. 3 - Nov. 7, 2025, Fri.-Fri. On-line workshop: Rasch Measurement - Core Topics (E. Smith, Winsteps), www.statistics.com

 

The URL of this page is www.rasch.org/rmt/rmt143a.htm

Website: www.rasch.org/rmt/contents.htm