Rating Scale Instrument Quality Criteria

Rating Scale Instrument Quality Criteria
CriterionPoorFairGoodVery GoodExcellent
Targeting *> 2 errors1-2 errors< 1 error< .5 error< .25 error
Item Model Fit Mean-Square Range Extremes< .33 - >3.0.34 - 2.9.5 - 2.0.71 - 1.4 .77 - 1.3
Person and Item Measurement Reliability<.67.67-.80.81-.90.91-.94>.94
Person and Item Strata Separated2 or less2-33-44-5>5
Ceiling effect: % maximum extreme scores>5%2-5%1-2%.5-1%<.5%
Floor effect: % minimum extreme scores>5%2-5%1-2%.5-1%<.5%
Variance in data explained by measures**??????????
Unexplained variance in contrasts 1-5 of PCA of residuals>15%10-15%5-10%3-5%<3%
This Table has been developed by William P. Fisher, Jr. based on the Rasch literature and his many years of experience conducting Rasch analyses in different settings.

* How far the average or modal measure is from the center of the item calibrations. Just as a rough indication, if the average measure is less than one error of measurement from the center of the item hierarchy, then the instrument is on target. The average individual error of measurement made more sense to me to use than the SE of the mean, as this latter can be quite small. Of course, an instrument might not have items that go as far up or down the scale as the measures go, so some indication of how well the measure and calibration distributions match would also be in order.

** The variance explained by the measures in a Principal Components Analysis of the standardized residuals changes with the targeting of the items on the persons. There is no set range of values useful for assessing scale functioning. For more information, see:


Rating Scale Instrument Quality Criteria. Fisher, W.P. Jr. … Rasch Measurement Transactions, 2007, 21:1 p. 1095


This article was revised by Fisher, W.P. Jr. on 2/1/2018. The original table showed the Variance in data explained by measures as: <50%, 50-60%, 60-70%, 70-80%, and >80%.



Rasch-Related Resources: Rasch Measurement YouTube Channel
Rasch Measurement Transactions & Rasch Measurement research papers - free An Introduction to the Rasch Model with Examples in R (eRm, etc.), Debelak, Strobl, Zeigenfuse Rasch Measurement Theory Analysis in R, Wind, Hua Applying the Rasch Model in Social Sciences Using R, Lamprianou El modelo métrico de Rasch: Fundamentación, implementación e interpretación de la medida en ciencias sociales (Spanish Edition), Manuel González-Montesinos M.
Rasch Models: Foundations, Recent Developments, and Applications, Fischer & Molenaar Probabilistic Models for Some Intelligence and Attainment Tests, Georg Rasch Rasch Models for Measurement, David Andrich Constructing Measures, Mark Wilson Best Test Design - free, Wright & Stone
Rating Scale Analysis - free, Wright & Masters
Virtual Standard Setting: Setting Cut Scores, Charalambos Kollias Diseño de Mejores Pruebas - free, Spanish Best Test Design A Course in Rasch Measurement Theory, Andrich, Marais Rasch Models in Health, Christensen, Kreiner, Mesba Multivariate and Mixture Distribution Rasch Models, von Davier, Carstensen
Rasch Books and Publications: Winsteps and Facets
Applying the Rasch Model (Winsteps, Facets) 4th Ed., Bond, Yan, Heene Advances in Rasch Analyses in the Human Sciences (Winsteps, Facets) 1st Ed., Boone, Staver Advances in Applications of Rasch Measurement in Science Education, X. Liu & W. J. Boone Rasch Analysis in the Human Sciences (Winsteps) Boone, Staver, Yale Appliquer le modèle de Rasch: Défis et pistes de solution (Winsteps) E. Dionne, S. Béland
Introduction to Many-Facet Rasch Measurement (Facets), Thomas Eckes Rasch Models for Solving Measurement Problems (Facets), George Engelhard, Jr. & Jue Wang Statistical Analyses for Language Testers (Facets), Rita Green Invariant Measurement with Raters and Rating Scales: Rasch Models for Rater-Mediated Assessments (Facets), George Engelhard, Jr. & Stefanie Wind Aplicação do Modelo de Rasch (Português), de Bond, Trevor G., Fox, Christine M
Exploring Rating Scale Functioning for Survey Research (R, Facets), Stefanie Wind Rasch Measurement: Applications, Khine Winsteps Tutorials - free
Facets Tutorials - free
Many-Facet Rasch Measurement (Facets) - free, J.M. Linacre Fairness, Justice and Language Assessment (Winsteps, Facets), McNamara, Knoch, Fan

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