Going beyond Unreliable Reliabilities

The VF-14 is a self-report of 14 vision-dependent activities, designed to measure the need for, and outcomes of, cataract surgery (Steinberg et al., 1994). Each item is rated on a 1-5 scale (1=unable, 5=no difficulty). The developers reported a Cronbach's alpha of .85. In our study of 53 patients, we found these original 14 items produced a reliability coefficient of .89.

Recently Uusitalo et al. (1999) proposed reducing the VF14 to seven items to reduce administration time. The Figure shows a map of the 14 items of the VF-14 in hierarchical order and the distribution of our patients. The 7 items chosen by Uusitalo (1999) are indicated with a `*'. The Spearman-Brown prophecy formula predicts a reliability of .82 for their test on our sample, which is what we obtained (see Table).

Patients in our sample, as in that reported by Steinberg (1994), have very good visual functioning. Many of the items are not targeted to the visual function of the clients. When a set of items is not matched to the sample, reliability is degraded. When patients fail all or most items (i.e., the test is too hard, or when patients pass all or most items (i.e., the test is too easy), "it is as if one had shortened the test, since all differentiation is based on just a few items that some can do and some cannot" (Thorndike & Hagen, 1977, p.89.)

For a different subset of seven VF-14 items, better targeted to the visual abilities of the patients in the sample (indicated with a `#'), we obtained an higher reliability .86. In contrast, the seven items most off-target from patient abilities (indicated with a `~') yielded a coefficient of .61 - substantially below the predicted .82.

The Figure also shows that some of the rating scale categories were largely irrelevant to the functioning of our patients. For our best-targeted 7 items we tried

combining categories 2 (great deal of difficulty) and 3 (moderate difficulty) in the analysis. The Spearman-Brown prophecy predicted a reduced reliability of .76. But it remained .86. The extra off-target category was producing as much noise as information!

How then, can one coherently determine the measurement capability of a test?

Wright's separation index is a better guide to decision-making than a reliability coefficient. How many distinguishable strata are needed for clinical purposes with our sample? A reliability of .8 gives a separation of 2, so that two strata can be usefully distinguished. We achieved this with a 7 items and a shorter scale.

Note: in RUMM2020 documentation, the "Separation Index" is the Rasch reliability.

A reliability of .9 gives a separation of 3, and so 3 strata. We came close, but no study achieved this. The maximum separation in the last line of the Table is an estimate of the highest separation each test can produce with any sample.

Trudy Mallinson
Joan Stelmack

Steinberg EP, Tielsch JM, et al. (1994). The VF-14. An index of functional impairment in patients with cataract. Archives of Ophthalmology, 112(5), 630-638.

Thorndike RL, Hagen EP. (1977). Measurement and evaluation in psychology and education (4th ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.

Uusitalo RJ, Brans T, et al. (1999). Evaluating cataract surgery gains by assessing patients' quality of life using the VF-7. Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery, 25(7), 989-994.

Number of Items	14 Steinberg	7 Uusitalo	7 on target	7 off target	7 on target
Number of Rating Scale Categories	5	5	5	5	4 collapsed
Predicted Reliability	(.89)	.82	.82	.82	.76
Obtained Reliability	.89	.82	.86	.61	.86
Wright's Separation	2.92	2.01	2.38	1.26	2.35
Max. Separation (Estimated)	6	5	5	4	4

1. Reliability, separation, strata statistics, Fisher WP Jr. … 6:3 p.238
2. Reliability and separation nomograms, Linacre JM. … 1995, 9:2 p.421
3. Reliability and separation, Wright BD. … 1996, 9:4 p.472
4. Predicting Reliabilities and Separations of Different Length Tests, Linacre, J.M. … 2000, 14:3 p.767
5. Going beyond Unreliable Reliabilities, Mallinson T., Stelmack J. … 2001, 14:4 p.787-8
6. Separation, Reliability and Skewed Distributions: Statistically Different Levels of Performance, Wright B.D. … 2001, 14:4 p.786
7. Number of Person or Item Strata (4G+1)/3, Wright BD, Masters GN. … 2002, 16:3 p.888
8. Cash value of Reliability, WP Fisher … Rasch Measurement Transactions, 2008, 22:1 p. 1160

Going beyond Unreliable Reliabilities. Mallinson T., Stelmack J. … Rasch Measurement Transactions, 2001, 14:4 p.787-8

Rasch Books and Publications
Invariant Measurement: Using Rasch Models in the Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences, 2nd Edn. George Engelhard, Jr. & Jue Wang	Applying the Rasch Model (Winsteps, Facets) 4th Ed., Bond, Yan, Heene	Advances in Rasch Analyses in the Human Sciences (Winsteps, Facets) 1st Ed., Boone, Staver	Advances in Applications of Rasch Measurement in Science Education, X. Liu & W. J. Boone	Rasch Analysis in the Human Sciences (Winsteps) Boone, Staver, Yale
Introduction to Many-Facet Rasch Measurement (Facets), Thomas Eckes	Statistical Analyses for Language Testers (Facets), Rita Green	Invariant Measurement with Raters and Rating Scales: Rasch Models for Rater-Mediated Assessments (Facets), George Engelhard, Jr. & Stefanie Wind	Aplicação do Modelo de Rasch (Português), de Bond, Trevor G., Fox, Christine M	Appliquer le modèle de Rasch: Défis et pistes de solution (Winsteps) E. Dionne, S. Béland
Exploring Rating Scale Functioning for Survey Research (R, Facets), Stefanie Wind	Rasch Measurement: Applications, Khine	Winsteps Tutorials - free Facets Tutorials - free	Many-Facet Rasch Measurement (Facets) - free, J.M. Linacre	Fairness, Justice and Language Assessment (Winsteps, Facets), McNamara, Knoch, Fan
Other Rasch-Related Resources: Rasch Measurement YouTube Channel
Rasch Measurement Transactions & Rasch Measurement research papers - free	An Introduction to the Rasch Model with Examples in R (eRm, etc.), Debelak, Strobl, Zeigenfuse	Rasch Measurement Theory Analysis in R, Wind, Hua	Applying the Rasch Model in Social Sciences Using R, Lamprianou	El modelo métrico de Rasch: Fundamentación, implementación e interpretación de la medida en ciencias sociales (Spanish Edition), Manuel González-Montesinos M.
Rasch Models: Foundations, Recent Developments, and Applications, Fischer & Molenaar	Probabilistic Models for Some Intelligence and Attainment Tests, Georg Rasch	Rasch Models for Measurement, David Andrich	Constructing Measures, Mark Wilson	Best Test Design - free, Wright & Stone Rating Scale Analysis - free, Wright & Masters
Virtual Standard Setting: Setting Cut Scores, Charalambos Kollias	Diseño de Mejores Pruebas - free, Spanish Best Test Design	A Course in Rasch Measurement Theory, Andrich, Marais	Rasch Models in Health, Christensen, Kreiner, Mesba	Multivariate and Mixture Distribution Rasch Models, von Davier, Carstensen

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