BICAL Item Discrimination Index

Question: An item "Discrimination Index" is shown in Wright & Stone's book, Best Test Design (1979, p. 52), but is not described in detail. What is it? Is it useful?
K. L., Hong Kong

Answer: This Discrimination Index was a feature of the Rasch computer program, BICAL. It is described in MESA Research Memorandum, 23B, by B.D. Wright, R.J. Mead, & S.R. Bell, June 1979. Here is what is written on pages 15 and 16:

If the data ... produced characteristic curves which varied in slope, then the person-item logit could be expressed as

(21)

or

(22)

where

 

In this form, γni is the difference between a "true" logit response and the Rasch model with which we have attempted to explain it. If the Rasch model adequately accounts for the data, the regression in Equation 22 should have a slope of zero.

In terms of estimates, this expression can be written as

(23)

[but yni can be approximated from the Rasch ICC as]

 

Therefore an indication of αi can be calculated as

 

[where y.i is the mean of the residuals for item i, and m.i is the mean of the person-item logits, bn-di.]

This is the residual index given in BICAL output.

Comment: Item discrimination is conceptualized as a property of the central slope of the item characteristic curve (ICC). This index, however, is strongly influenced by outliers (e.g., lucky guesses, careless mistakes). This drawback might be overcome by dropping or down-weighting off-target responses. On the other hand, Wright & Stone (p. 53) claim this index to be less affected by sample targeting and dispersion than the point-biserial correlation.


  1. The Item Discrimination Index: Does it Work? Tristan Lopez A. … Rasch Measurement Transactions, 1998, 12:1 p. 626
  2. BICAL item discrimination index. Wright BD, Mead RJ, Bell SR. … Rasch Measurement Transactions, 2002, 16:1 p.869
  3. Item Discrimination Indices. Kelley T., Ebel R., Linacre, JM. … Rasch Measurement Transactions, 2002, 16:3 p.883-4
  4. Discrimination, Guessing and Carelessness Asymptotes: Estimating IRT Parameters with Rasch. Linacre J.M. … Rasch Measurement Transactions, 2004, 18:1 p.959-960


BICAL item discrimination index. Wright BD, Mead RJ, Bell SR. … Rasch Measurement Transactions, 2002, 16:1 p.869



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Rasch Measurement Transactions (free, online) Rasch Measurement research papers (free, online) Probabilistic Models for Some Intelligence and Attainment Tests, Georg Rasch Applying the Rasch Model 3rd. Ed., Bond & Fox Best Test Design, Wright & Stone
Rating Scale Analysis, Wright & Masters Introduction to Rasch Measurement, E. Smith & R. Smith Introduction to Many-Facet Rasch Measurement, Thomas Eckes Invariant Measurement: Using Rasch Models in the Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences, George Engelhard, Jr. Statistical Analyses for Language Testers, Rita Green
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